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Investment Casting

Also visit:  Casting Processes

 

Investment casting is also known as the lost wax process. This process is one of the oldest Casting processes dated backed to the Egyptian Age.  

The Egyptian Pharaohs used forms of Investment Casting to make gold jewelry (and hence rumor has it came the name Investment) some 5,000 years ago. 

 

Using Investment Casting, intricate shapes can be made with high accuracy. In addition, metals that are hard to machine or fabricate are good candidates for this process. 

Investment Casting can be used to make parts that cannot be produced by normal manufacturing techniques, such as turbine blades that have complex shapes, or airplane parts that have to withstand high temperatures.

 

How it all Works

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How it all  Works Text

The investment mold, is made by making a pattern using wax or some other material that can be melted away. 

This wax pattern is dipped in refractory slurry, which coats the wax pattern and forms a skin. This is dried and the process of dipping in the slurry and drying is repeated until a robust thickness is achieved. 

After this, the entire pattern is placed in an oven and the wax is melted away. 

This leads to a mold that can be filled with the molten metal.  

The mold is formed around a one-piece pattern, (which does not have to be pulled out from the mold as in a traditional sand casting process), this way very intricate parts and undercuts can be made. 

The actual Wax Pattern itself is made by duplication process, using a stereo lithography or similar model-which has been fabricated using a computer solid model master. Then wax is poured into this pattern, making the wax patterns, that are a fixed to the Investment Casting Tree.

The materials used for the slurry are a mixture of plaster of Paris, a binder and powdered silica, a refractory, for low temperature melts. 

Just before the pouring of molten metal, the mold is pre-heated to about 1000 ºC (1832 ºF) to remove any residues of wax, harden the binder. 

The pouring of molten metal into a pre-heated mold also ensures that the mold will fill completely, eliminating chances for Porosity. 

The Molten Metal Pouring can be done using gravity, pressure or vacuum conditions. 

 

 

 

Extremely Close Tolerances are Achieved

Tolerances of 0.5 % of length are routinely possible, and as low as 0.15 % is possible for small dimensions. Castings can weigh from a few grams to 35 kg (0.1 oz to 80 lb), although the normal size ranges from 200 g to about 8 kg (7 oz to 15 lb). Normal minimum wall thicknesses are about 1 mm to about 0.5 mm (0.040-0.020 in) for alloys that can be cast easily.

 

 

 

Acceptable Alloys

The types of materials that can be cast are Aluminum alloys, Bronzes, tool steels, stainless steels, Stellite, Hastelloys, and precious metals. Parts made with investment castings often do not require any further machining, because of the close tolerances that can be achieved.

 

 

 

 


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